Constant function, f(x)=c , for example f(x)=2
Domain: all real numbers
Range: [c]
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Identify function, f(x)=x
Domain: all real numbers
Range: all real numbers
Graphs

Absolute Value function, f(x)=|x|
Domain: all real numbers
Range: [0,oo)
Graphs

Quadratic function, f(x)=x^2
Domain: all real numbers
Range: [0,oo)
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Cubic function, f(x)=x^3
Domain: all real numbers
Range: all real numbers
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Reciprocal function, f(x)=1/x
Domain: (-oo,0)uu(0,oo)
Range: (-oo,0)uu(0,oo)
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Reciprocal squared function, f(x)=1/x^2
Domain: (-oo,0)uu(0,oo)
Range: (0,oo)
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Square root function, f(x)=sqrt(x)
Domain: [0,oo)
Range: [0,oo)
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Cube root function, f(x)=root(3)(x)
Domain: all real numbers
Range: all real numbers
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Not a function, but also mentioned in the section:

Circle with center (h, k) and radius r(x-h)^2 + (y-k)^2 = r^2
For example, (x-1)^2 + (y-3)^2 = 2^2

Graphs